Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a common leading cause of vision loss among people aged 50 and older. It affects the macula, a small but crucial part of the retina responsible for central vision. This impairment can make activities like reading, driving, and recognizing faces significantly challenging. While it doesn't result in complete blindness, it can have a profound impact on daily life.

There are two main types of macular degeneration:

  1. Dry Macular Degeneration (Non-neovascular): This form is characterized by the presence of yellow deposits, known as drusen, in the macula. These deposits may lead to thinning and drying out of the macula, causing a gradual loss of central vision. While the progression of dry AMD is generally slower than the wet form, it can still result in significant vision loss over time.

  2. Wet Macular Degeneration (neovascular): This type is less common but more severe. It involves the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina, which can leak blood and fluid, leading to a more rapid and severe loss of central vision.

Most people with AMD have dry AMD. Any stage of dry AMD can turn into wet AMD, but wet AMD is always considered late stage.

What is age-related macular degeneration?

What are the risk factors for macular degeneration?

Several risk factors can contribute to the development of AMD, including:

  • Age (especially those over 50)

  • Family history of the disease

  • Smoking

  • Obesity

  • High blood pressure/Cardiovascular disease

  • Lighter eye color

  • Prolonged sun exposure

  • Caucasian descent

  • Having late AMD in 1 eye puts you at higher risk of developing late AMD in your other eye

If you’re at risk for AMD, it’s important to get regular eye exams. Early AMD does not have any symptoms, so don’t wait for your vision to change.

What are the signs and symptoms for macular degeneration?

The symptoms of macular degeneration can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. AMD is a progressive disease — meaning symptoms usually get worse over time. Common signs and symptoms include:

  • Blurriness in central vision

  • Distorted vision

  • Difficulty recognizing faces

  • Need for increased light when reading or doing close work

  • Decreased intensity or brightness of colors

  • A central dark area or empty area in vision

Early dry AMD doesn’t cause any symptoms. In intermediate dry AMD, some people still have no symptoms. Others may notice mild symptoms, like mild blurriness in their central vision or trouble seeing in low lighting.

In late AMD (wet or dry type), many people notice that straight lines start to look wavy or crooked. Straight lines looking wavy is a warning sign for late AMD. If you notice this symptom, see your eye doctor right away.

How do you diagnosis and treat macular degeneration?

Treatment for AMD depends on the stage and type. Various tests are performed, such as a dilated eye exam, imaging tests like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography, to diagnose the condition. 

While there is no cure for macular degeneration, several treatments can help slow its progression and manage its symptoms. These may include:

  • Anti-VEGF medication to reduce abnormal blood vessel growth in wet macular degeneration

  • Photodynamic therapy

  • Laser therapy

  • Vitamin and mineral supplements

Additionally, low-vision rehabilitation and devices such as magnifying lenses, closed-circuit televisions, and computer aids can help individuals with advanced macular degeneration make the most of their remaining vision.

Research shows that you may be able to lower your risk of AMD (or slow vision loss from AMD) by making these healthy choices: 

  • Quit smoking — or don’t start 

  • Get regular physical activity 

  • Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels

  • Eat healthy foods, including leafy green vegetables and fish

Concerned You May Have Macular Degeneration?

 FAQs

  • Yes, there are ongoing clinical trials investigating various treatment options, including gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and novel drug interventions. Participation in these trials may be an option for individuals seeking alternative or advanced treatments for macular degeneration.

  • Some research suggests that certain autoimmune diseases and inflammatory conditions may be linked to an increased risk or accelerated progression of macular degeneration. Discussing one's complete medical history with a healthcare provider is essential to understand potential interactions between macular degeneration and other health issues.

  • Studies have shown that certain nutrients, such as vitamins C and E, zinc, copper, lutein, zeaxanthin, and omega-3 fatty acids, may play a role in reducing the risk or slowing the progression of macular degeneration. Eye care professionals may recommend specific dietary adjustments or supplements to support eye health in individuals with this condition.

  • acular degeneration can significantly affect an individual's quality of life, leading to feelings of frustration, isolation, and depression. Support groups, counseling services, and low-vision rehabilitation programs can offer valuable assistance in addressing the emotional and psychological impacts of living with macular degeneration.

  • Genetic testing can help identify specific genetic markers associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration. Understanding an individual's genetic predisposition may allow healthcare professionals to tailor interventions and treatment plans based on the individual's genetic profile, potentially leading to more personalized and effective care.

  • Emerging technologies like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are being explored to develop innovative solutions that can aid individuals with macular degeneration. These technologies have the potential to enhance visual experiences, assist with navigation, and improve overall quality of life for those with vision impairment.

  • Technological advancements have led to the development of various assistive devices and applications tailored to assist individuals with advanced macular degeneration. These devices may include wearable visual aids, voice-activated technologies, and smartphone applications designed to facilitate tasks such as reading, writing, and navigating the surrounding environment.